Chapter 1
“Chk Chk, Boom!”
The sound was crisp and sharp. An old lady had been shot in the chest. People were running frantically and were panicking. A security guard came running to her aid. He was kneeling in a pool of blood. He felt her pulse and then talked hurriedly into his walkie-talkie on his shoulder.
“How could a person do this, shooting an innocent old lady like this,” said a man who was walking while other people were running.
The man was suspiciously too calm and half of his face was scarred as if he had been burnt. The ambulance sirens grew louder and louder until it had covered the raucous screams of the innocent citizens.
Henry and the gang were playing pool at the Bandoleros clubhouse when he received the call which made his heart sink.
“Hello?” said Henry.
“Yes hello, this is the police and we have some terrible news for you,” said the policeman.
“Yes, what is it?” asked Henry.
“Your mother, Justine, has just been shot.” Henry was shaking with fear and was starting to sob.
“Where is she?” said Henry in a sort of trembling voice.
“We are at the train terminal on 26th street.”
Henry instantly hung up and ran outside with mixed emotions. He jumped into his sports car and was off in a flash. He drove as fast as he could, dodging the cars in front of him and ignoring the traffic lights. He then parked his car on the side of the road and hopped out running down the stairs leading to the terminal. He ran straight to the place where people began to crowd. Henry pushed people out of his way and there he saw, his dying mother lying on the floor.
“Ma!” shouted Henry.
He ran past the policeman keeping people away and knelt down by his mother’s side.
“Ma, Ma, look at me Ma,” said Henry.
Henry’s mother looked dazed and confused.
“Henry, is that you?”
“Yes, it’s me Ma,” said Henry.
“Henry my son, your father, Ramos, told me to give this to you just before he died.” She then opened her hand and inside was a necklace with a cross.
“This was your father’s, keep it safe,” said Justine.
She put the necklace into Henry’s hand and closed it. Justine’s eyes were fluttering.
“Ma, wake up, wake up Ma!” Henry said shaking her.
Justine then said,
“Viven de largo los Bandoleros,” and then her eyes closed and her grip on Henry loosened.
Henry let go of her and looked at the necklace. He tightened his grip on the necklace and walked away.
Henry arrived back at the clubhouse and the rest of the gang wandered where he ran off to.
“Where did you go Senor?” asked Miguel.
“My mother was shot dead.”
“By who Henry?” asked David.
“We’re going to find out and when we do, he’d wish he had never been born,” said Henry angrily.
Miguel and David were partners in the killing of Rafael Jose, the killer of David’s younger brother Iker. They have evaded arrest ever since.
“It must have been that Asesino, Diego, who you fought off from stealing your drugs the other day,” said Fernando.
“The one you pointed your gun at,” added Francesc.
Henry then remembered pointing the gun at Diego when he said,
“You better watch your back, one day something bad will happen to you or the ones you love.”
Henry remembered his scarred face looking at him and then running away. Henry then said to himself,
“Diego, you’re dead.”
The Bandoleros waited around the street where the Asesinos clubhouse was. Henry was disguised with a hat and glasses. After a while, Henry spotted Diego and the Bandoleros secretly follow him into an alleyway, close to the place where they had the drug dispute. They crept up slowly and knock him out. They dragged him into the boot of the car and drove back to the Bandoleros clubhouse. Fernando tied him up to the chair with heavy chains. Everybody left the room and the only people inside was Diego and Henry bearing a gun.
As Diego regained consciousness, Henry punched him in the face three times.
“Why did you kill my mother?” asked Henry.
Diego then spat blood onto Henry’s face. Henry wiped it away and gave Diego another three strong punches.
“Why did you do it?” Henry asked again.
He still didn’t answer.
“Who gave you the order?” Henry punched him again.
“I want a name, I want his name!”
As Henry was about to punch him again, Diego’s phone rang. Henry pulled out his phone carefully and it said that Sergio was calling. Henry vaguely remembered that Sergio is the name of the man who killed his father. Henry answered the call.
“Is Ramos’ wife dead already?”
Henry drops the phone and points the gun at Diego. He clutched at his father’s necklace and pulled the trigger. Henry had previously learned that Sergio was the gang lord of the Asesinos.
“Who was it Senor?” asked Miguel rushing through the door.
“It was Sergio,” said Henry.
Henry then thought to himself how they are going to get in and assassinate Sergio just as he did to Henry’s father and now, mother. Only God knew.
Tuesday, June 2, 2009
Tuesday, March 24, 2009
Treaty of Hudaybiyah
In the year 6 A.H. Rasulullah had a vision which he found himself and the Sahabah entering the holy place of Makkah to perform Hajj so he set out for Makkah in the month of Zul-Qaadah 6 A.H. with fourteen hundred Sahabah to perform Umrah, without the intention of going into battle. To avoid any misunderstanding from the kuffar that it was entirely a peaceful mission, he ordered that no one should carry any weapons except a covered sword, a common feature in those days. Camels for sacrifice were taken also. When Rasulullah approached Makkah, he set camp at Hudaybiyah, a mountainous plain, a few kilometres from Makkah in the direction of Jeddah. The kuffar did not allow them to advance regardless of the peaceful intentions of the Muslims.
Hazrat Uthman bin Affan (R.A.) the son-in-law of Rasulullah was sent as a representative for the Rasulullah and the Sahabah, to explain to the Quraish of Makkah of the intentions of Rasulullah and the Muslims. While Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) was negotiating with the Quraish, a report reached the Muslim camp that Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) had been murdered. This news caused a great stir in the Muslim camp. Rasulullah sat under a tree and called the Sahabah to take a fresh oath to fight to the last man. This pledge is known as “Bai’at al-Ridwan”.
After some time Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) returned unharmed. The kuffar sent Suhail bin Amr to come to terms with the Muslims. When Rasulullah saw Suhail bin Amr from a distance he said that now matters have become easy. Since the kuffar had sent him, their intention is to make peace.
A pact was drawn up, both parties agreeing to maintain peace for ten years on the following conditions: (1) The Muslims would return to Madinah without performing Umrah.
(2) They would come for Umrah the following year, and would stay in Makkah for only three days.
(3) They shall not come bearing arms except the sword.
(4) They would not take any Muslim living in Makkah to Madinah, and would not stop any Muslim from staying in Makkah.
(5) If any Makkan Muslim went to Madinah the Muslims would return him to Makkah, but if any Muslim from Madinah went to Makkah he would not be returned to Madinah.
(6) The Kuffar would neither attack Muslims nor help others against them, but would remain neutral in case of Muslims fighting a third party.
(7) All the Arab tribes shall be free to enter into alliance with whichever party they like.
Hazrat Uthman bin Affan (R.A.) the son-in-law of Rasulullah was sent as a representative for the Rasulullah and the Sahabah, to explain to the Quraish of Makkah of the intentions of Rasulullah and the Muslims. While Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) was negotiating with the Quraish, a report reached the Muslim camp that Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) had been murdered. This news caused a great stir in the Muslim camp. Rasulullah sat under a tree and called the Sahabah to take a fresh oath to fight to the last man. This pledge is known as “Bai’at al-Ridwan”.
After some time Hazrat Uthman (R.A.) returned unharmed. The kuffar sent Suhail bin Amr to come to terms with the Muslims. When Rasulullah saw Suhail bin Amr from a distance he said that now matters have become easy. Since the kuffar had sent him, their intention is to make peace.
A pact was drawn up, both parties agreeing to maintain peace for ten years on the following conditions: (1) The Muslims would return to Madinah without performing Umrah.
(2) They would come for Umrah the following year, and would stay in Makkah for only three days.
(3) They shall not come bearing arms except the sword.
(4) They would not take any Muslim living in Makkah to Madinah, and would not stop any Muslim from staying in Makkah.
(5) If any Makkan Muslim went to Madinah the Muslims would return him to Makkah, but if any Muslim from Madinah went to Makkah he would not be returned to Madinah.
(6) The Kuffar would neither attack Muslims nor help others against them, but would remain neutral in case of Muslims fighting a third party.
(7) All the Arab tribes shall be free to enter into alliance with whichever party they like.
Sunday, March 22, 2009
Monster Monsters Book Report
Author:
Tommy Boyd
Illustrator:
Denise Heywood and Tommy Boyd
Theme:
Monsters and Mythical Creatures
Characters:
The Monster of the Sea Lake
The Thing from Andros Island
Buru Buru
The Weeping Dinosaur
Sea Serpents
Humanoids
Stellar’s Sea Cow
Aliens
Old Hardhead
Blurb:
Calling… monster trackers everywhere!
You come across strange giant footprints leading into a dark, clammy cave. Would you…faint with fright…quietly tiptoe away…or explore further?
Tommy Boyd has collected fearsome facts and monstrous myths which will freeze the blood in your veins! Read about the huge body with a serpent’s neck which emerged from the dark waters of Loch Ness, or a tentacle half the length of a football pitch which was found on a Florida beach and ask yourself:
WHAT IS OUT THERE?
Report:
Monster Monsters is a factual and mythical book written by Tommy Boyd. In the book, he presents his favourite monsters, such as the Loch Ness Monster, dinosaurs and more. He takes you back into the time of these creatures. He writes about how they live, where they live and what makes them perfect monsters. He also writes about the close and sometimes terrifying encounters people all around the world have come across with these monsters. He talks about how they saw these creatures and what did they do about it.
In one section of the book, he talks about the many hoaxes people have made up which the public actually believed! He talks about all the hype behind these hoaxes.
Towards the end of the book, there is a section called monster makes. This section basically tells you how to make things from constructing a monster kite to making a Nessie cake. There are also a few games that you could play with your friends.
At the very end of the book, there is a small section of real monsters and fake monsters that Tommy Boyd had invented and you had to guess which ones were true and fake. The answers are on the last page.
Opinion:
I would rate this book 5 out of 10 because I’m not really into monsters and mythical creatures. It’s a bit boring and dull because there is no colour and very few illustrations. But I believe that this book would be a great and enjoyable book to read for those who are interested in mythical creatures and monsters.
Tommy Boyd
Illustrator:
Denise Heywood and Tommy Boyd
Theme:
Monsters and Mythical Creatures
Characters:
The Monster of the Sea Lake
The Thing from Andros Island
Buru Buru
The Weeping Dinosaur
Sea Serpents
Humanoids
Stellar’s Sea Cow
Aliens
Old Hardhead
Blurb:
Calling… monster trackers everywhere!
You come across strange giant footprints leading into a dark, clammy cave. Would you…faint with fright…quietly tiptoe away…or explore further?
Tommy Boyd has collected fearsome facts and monstrous myths which will freeze the blood in your veins! Read about the huge body with a serpent’s neck which emerged from the dark waters of Loch Ness, or a tentacle half the length of a football pitch which was found on a Florida beach and ask yourself:
WHAT IS OUT THERE?
Report:
Monster Monsters is a factual and mythical book written by Tommy Boyd. In the book, he presents his favourite monsters, such as the Loch Ness Monster, dinosaurs and more. He takes you back into the time of these creatures. He writes about how they live, where they live and what makes them perfect monsters. He also writes about the close and sometimes terrifying encounters people all around the world have come across with these monsters. He talks about how they saw these creatures and what did they do about it.
In one section of the book, he talks about the many hoaxes people have made up which the public actually believed! He talks about all the hype behind these hoaxes.
Towards the end of the book, there is a section called monster makes. This section basically tells you how to make things from constructing a monster kite to making a Nessie cake. There are also a few games that you could play with your friends.
At the very end of the book, there is a small section of real monsters and fake monsters that Tommy Boyd had invented and you had to guess which ones were true and fake. The answers are on the last page.
Opinion:
I would rate this book 5 out of 10 because I’m not really into monsters and mythical creatures. It’s a bit boring and dull because there is no colour and very few illustrations. But I believe that this book would be a great and enjoyable book to read for those who are interested in mythical creatures and monsters.
Nokia Morph Concept Phone
Morph is a concept that expresses how future mobile devices might be stretchable and flexible, allowing the user to transform their mobile device into radically different shapes. It demonstrates what nanotechnology may be able of bring into society. It is capable of delivering: flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. Dr. Bob Iannucci, Chief Technology Officer, Nokia, commented:
"Nokia Research Centre is looking at ways to reinvent the form and function of mobile devices; the Morph concept shows what might be possible".
Inventors
Dr. Tapani Ryhanen, Head of the Nokia Research Center Cambridge UK laboratory commented, "We hope that this combination of art and science will showcase the potential of nanoscience to a wider audience. The research we are carrying out is fundamental to this as we seek a safe and controlled way to develop and use new materials."
Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's Nanoscience Group at the University of Cambridge and University Director of Nokia-Cambridge collaboration added: "Developing the Morph concept with Nokia has provided us with a focus that is both artistically inspirational but, more importantly, sets the technology agenda for our joint nanoscience research that will stimulate our future work together."
The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was declared in March, 2007. They made agreement to work together on an extensive and long term program of joint research projects. NRC has established a research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and works with several departments. First, they worked with the Nanoscience Center and Electrical Division of the Engineering Department on projects that which are focused on nanotechnology.
The Morph was a joint nanotechnology concept project, developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK) and was launched alongside the "Design and the Elastic Mind" exhibition, on view from February 24 to May 12, 2008, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York.
Improving Our Lifestyles
Nokia’s new Morph concept phone would use nanotechnology to give it a flexible body with a transparent display that could be re-shaped depending on the user’s needs, a far better alternative to today’s solid and chunky devices. Even the electronics inside it would be transparent and flexible, so the whole phone may be twisted and stretched into bracelet shapes or tablet form and nanotech cleverness means it would even clean itself.
The cutting-edge Nokia Morph Concept Phone uses nanotechnology based flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces to produce a mobile device that is stretchable and flexible, enabling the user to transform their mobile device into completely different shapes. It transforms itself into the solid shape to suit your needs.
For example, initially it can start as your normal cell phone in its normal shape, but then unfold into a screen to view movies and other media on. This larger screen would add in input devices such as keyboards and touch pads to allow a better experience and as well can be used for communication. It could then be folded up into a bracelet that you wear on your wrist. As Nokia says, the Morph would, “Allow us to communicate and interact in unprecedented ways.”
Nokia is also imagining built-in solar absorption to charge this gadget, which attached with smaller and longer-lasting batteries, would mean the end of power plugs. Integrated sensors could gather information about the surrounding environment, providing even more data to the user making their lifestyle even easier.
The Morph could even have a self-cleaning surface - just another way of putting nanotechnology to use. It would reduce the chance of corrosion, wear and tear and improve durability. “Nanoflowers” could be used to do this as they naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints!
Think of an iPhone, but with a much cooler interface, much thinner, and able to change into any shape and size including a huge screen for watching movies, playing games and surfing the web. This means no more smudge marks on the screen!
Features
· It is very flexible and will blend effortlessly with our normal life with the stretchable silicon built into it.
· It can clean itself automatically from dust, liquids and even fingerprints with its super hydrophobic “Nanoflowers”.
· With a solar charging option through “Nanograss”, it has proved itself to be very eco friendly.
· With the help of its integrated sensors, they would enable us to choose the things which would be best for our environment and for ourselves.
· It would also have transparent greenish type electronics, in other words, see through.
Transformative Technology
Morph is currently just a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might look, with flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. Devices based on this concept won't be available for a good seven years at least.
When the technology reaches full development, however, it could transform the world of mobile devices as we know it today, allowing users to transform their handsets into radically different shapes.
It can be transformed into various types of shapes according to the user’s needs such as: Standard mode: The shape of your typical, straight-forward handset.Landscape mode: In this mode, it could analyse things with its nanosensors in great detail and accuracy.
Bracelet mode: Wrist up the phone around your hand just like a watch.
Imitating Spider Silk
Nokia's technology uses Fibril proteins woven into a three-dimensional mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures. The resulting elasticity is very similar to that of spider silk and it will enable the devices to change shapes and organize themselves to adapt to the task at hand.
Users could fold or unfold the device to suit their immediate purpose, whether it's to talk on the phone or use input devices such as keyboards or touch pads. Even the electronics integrated into the device, from interconnects to sensors, would be flexible, Nokia said.
The Morph would also be built from biodegradable materials, making production and recycling much easier.
Operation
Nokia Morph Phone Operating
Nanotechnology enables materials and components that are flexible, stretchable, transparent and remarkably strong. Fibril proteins are woven into a three dimensional mesh that supports thin elastic structures. Using the same principle behind spider silk, this elasticity enables the device to literally change shapes and organize itself to adjust to the task at hand.
Flexible & Changing Design
A folded design would fit easily in a pocket and could be used as a usual handset. An unfolded larger design could display more detailed information, and include devices such as keyboards and touch pads.
Use of biodegradable materials might make production and recycling of devices easier and more ecologically friendly.
Self-Cleaning
Nanotechnology also can be controlled to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion and improving durability. Nanostructured surfaces, such as “Nanoflowers” naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints using the effects that are also seen in natural systems.
Advanced Power Sources
Nanotechnology holds the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy by a covering of “Nanograss” structures that gather solar power. At the same time, new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.
Sensing the Environment
Nanosensors would allow users to examine the environment around them in completely new ways from analysing air pollution to getting a sight into bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as difficult as helping us monitor evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it. Our ability to adjust into our environment in these ways can help us make key decisions that lead our daily actions and eventually can improve our health.
Limitations
Nanotechnology and some of the soon to be utilized flexible screens have their limitations. In order for the screens to remain flexible, they have to be operated within certain ranges of temperatures to keep their flexibility. If the screen was attempted to be flexed in a cold temperature, it would crack the screen. Continual flexing would also eventually crack the screen. Most of these flexible screens will soon be used by many laptop producers which will utilize the next step in HDD drives and the use of the ultra mini disc drive which will be able to hold 10 times the amount of information as the now straight-forward CD/DVD disc. At the size of only 2", the nano drive itself will make these devices extremely expensive over the next 5 years.
Costs
I believe that when this amazing technology is made open to the public, the cost will be reasonably high because it seems that this phone is very hard to manufacture. Although Nokia hopes that the development of the Nokia Morph Concept Phone will lead to low-cost devices.
"Nokia Research Centre is looking at ways to reinvent the form and function of mobile devices; the Morph concept shows what might be possible".
Inventors
Dr. Tapani Ryhanen, Head of the Nokia Research Center Cambridge UK laboratory commented, "We hope that this combination of art and science will showcase the potential of nanoscience to a wider audience. The research we are carrying out is fundamental to this as we seek a safe and controlled way to develop and use new materials."
Professor Mark Welland, Head of the Department of Engineering's Nanoscience Group at the University of Cambridge and University Director of Nokia-Cambridge collaboration added: "Developing the Morph concept with Nokia has provided us with a focus that is both artistically inspirational but, more importantly, sets the technology agenda for our joint nanoscience research that will stimulate our future work together."
The partnership between Nokia and the University of Cambridge was declared in March, 2007. They made agreement to work together on an extensive and long term program of joint research projects. NRC has established a research facility at the University's West Cambridge site and works with several departments. First, they worked with the Nanoscience Center and Electrical Division of the Engineering Department on projects that which are focused on nanotechnology.
The Morph was a joint nanotechnology concept project, developed by Nokia Research Center (NRC) and the University of Cambridge (UK) and was launched alongside the "Design and the Elastic Mind" exhibition, on view from February 24 to May 12, 2008, at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York.
Improving Our Lifestyles
Nokia’s new Morph concept phone would use nanotechnology to give it a flexible body with a transparent display that could be re-shaped depending on the user’s needs, a far better alternative to today’s solid and chunky devices. Even the electronics inside it would be transparent and flexible, so the whole phone may be twisted and stretched into bracelet shapes or tablet form and nanotech cleverness means it would even clean itself.
The cutting-edge Nokia Morph Concept Phone uses nanotechnology based flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces to produce a mobile device that is stretchable and flexible, enabling the user to transform their mobile device into completely different shapes. It transforms itself into the solid shape to suit your needs.
For example, initially it can start as your normal cell phone in its normal shape, but then unfold into a screen to view movies and other media on. This larger screen would add in input devices such as keyboards and touch pads to allow a better experience and as well can be used for communication. It could then be folded up into a bracelet that you wear on your wrist. As Nokia says, the Morph would, “Allow us to communicate and interact in unprecedented ways.”
Nokia is also imagining built-in solar absorption to charge this gadget, which attached with smaller and longer-lasting batteries, would mean the end of power plugs. Integrated sensors could gather information about the surrounding environment, providing even more data to the user making their lifestyle even easier.
The Morph could even have a self-cleaning surface - just another way of putting nanotechnology to use. It would reduce the chance of corrosion, wear and tear and improve durability. “Nanoflowers” could be used to do this as they naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints!
Think of an iPhone, but with a much cooler interface, much thinner, and able to change into any shape and size including a huge screen for watching movies, playing games and surfing the web. This means no more smudge marks on the screen!
Features
· It is very flexible and will blend effortlessly with our normal life with the stretchable silicon built into it.
· It can clean itself automatically from dust, liquids and even fingerprints with its super hydrophobic “Nanoflowers”.
· With a solar charging option through “Nanograss”, it has proved itself to be very eco friendly.
· With the help of its integrated sensors, they would enable us to choose the things which would be best for our environment and for ourselves.
· It would also have transparent greenish type electronics, in other words, see through.
Transformative Technology
Morph is currently just a concept that demonstrates how future mobile devices might look, with flexible materials, transparent electronics and self-cleaning surfaces. Devices based on this concept won't be available for a good seven years at least.
When the technology reaches full development, however, it could transform the world of mobile devices as we know it today, allowing users to transform their handsets into radically different shapes.
It can be transformed into various types of shapes according to the user’s needs such as: Standard mode: The shape of your typical, straight-forward handset.Landscape mode: In this mode, it could analyse things with its nanosensors in great detail and accuracy.
Bracelet mode: Wrist up the phone around your hand just like a watch.
Imitating Spider Silk
Nokia's technology uses Fibril proteins woven into a three-dimensional mesh that reinforces thin elastic structures. The resulting elasticity is very similar to that of spider silk and it will enable the devices to change shapes and organize themselves to adapt to the task at hand.
Users could fold or unfold the device to suit their immediate purpose, whether it's to talk on the phone or use input devices such as keyboards or touch pads. Even the electronics integrated into the device, from interconnects to sensors, would be flexible, Nokia said.
The Morph would also be built from biodegradable materials, making production and recycling much easier.
Operation
Nokia Morph Phone Operating
Nanotechnology enables materials and components that are flexible, stretchable, transparent and remarkably strong. Fibril proteins are woven into a three dimensional mesh that supports thin elastic structures. Using the same principle behind spider silk, this elasticity enables the device to literally change shapes and organize itself to adjust to the task at hand.
Flexible & Changing Design
A folded design would fit easily in a pocket and could be used as a usual handset. An unfolded larger design could display more detailed information, and include devices such as keyboards and touch pads.
Use of biodegradable materials might make production and recycling of devices easier and more ecologically friendly.
Self-Cleaning
Nanotechnology also can be controlled to create self-cleaning surfaces on mobile devices, ultimately reducing corrosion and improving durability. Nanostructured surfaces, such as “Nanoflowers” naturally repel water, dirt, and even fingerprints using the effects that are also seen in natural systems.
Advanced Power Sources
Nanotechnology holds the possibility that the surface of a device will become a natural source of energy by a covering of “Nanograss” structures that gather solar power. At the same time, new high energy density storage materials allow batteries to become smaller and thinner, while also quicker to recharge and able to endure more charging cycles.
Sensing the Environment
Nanosensors would allow users to examine the environment around them in completely new ways from analysing air pollution to getting a sight into bio-chemical traces and processes. New capabilities might be as difficult as helping us monitor evolving conditions in the quality of our surroundings, or as simple as knowing if the fruit we are about to enjoy should be washed before we eat it. Our ability to adjust into our environment in these ways can help us make key decisions that lead our daily actions and eventually can improve our health.
Limitations
Nanotechnology and some of the soon to be utilized flexible screens have their limitations. In order for the screens to remain flexible, they have to be operated within certain ranges of temperatures to keep their flexibility. If the screen was attempted to be flexed in a cold temperature, it would crack the screen. Continual flexing would also eventually crack the screen. Most of these flexible screens will soon be used by many laptop producers which will utilize the next step in HDD drives and the use of the ultra mini disc drive which will be able to hold 10 times the amount of information as the now straight-forward CD/DVD disc. At the size of only 2", the nano drive itself will make these devices extremely expensive over the next 5 years.
Costs
I believe that when this amazing technology is made open to the public, the cost will be reasonably high because it seems that this phone is very hard to manufacture. Although Nokia hopes that the development of the Nokia Morph Concept Phone will lead to low-cost devices.
Friday, March 6, 2009
Saddam Hussein
Youth
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born on April 28, 1937 in the town of Al-Awja, 13 km from the Iraqi town of Tikrit, to a family of shepherds from the al-Begat tribal group. His mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, named her newborn son Saddam, which in Arabic means "One who confronts." He never knew his father, Hussein 'Abid al-Majid, who disappeared six months before Saddam was born. Some accounts say that his father was killed; others say he abandoned his family. Shortly afterward, Saddam's thirteen-year-old brother died of cancer. The infant Saddam was sent to the family of his maternal uncle, Khairallah Talfah, until he was three.
Saddam's mother soon remarried a man who was illiterate, immoral and brutal, and Saddam gained three half-brothers through this marriage. His stepfather, Ibrahim al-Hassan, treated Saddam harshly after his return. At around ten, Saddam fled the family and returned to live in Baghdad with his uncle, Kharaillah Tulfah. Tulfah, the father of Saddam's future wife, was a religious Sunni Muslim and a veteran from the 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War between Iraqi nationalists and the United Kingdom. He was also radically against Jews, Iranians, Shiites, and to some degree, Kuwaitis and Westerners. Later in his life, relatives from his native Tikrit would become some of his closest advisors and followers.
Saddam didn't start primary school until he moved in with his uncle at age 10. At age 18, Saddam graduated from primary school and applied to military school. Joining the military had been Saddam's dream and when he wasn't able to pass the entrance exam he was devastated. (Though Saddam was never in the military, he frequently wore military-style outfits later in life). Under the guidance of his uncle, he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad. After secondary school, Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years, before dropping out in 1957, at the age of twenty, to join the new Arab Ba'ath Party, of which his uncle was a supporter. During this time, Saddam apparently supported himself as a secondary school teacher.
Family
While Saddam has no official marital history he is believed to have been married to at least four women, two of whom have been confirmed as his wives, and has had five children.
Saddam married his first wife and cousin Sajida Talfah in 1963 in an arranged marriage. Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Saddam's uncle and mentor. Their marriage was arranged for Hussein at age five when Sajida was seven; however, the two never met until their wedding. They were married in Egypt during his exile. The couple had five children.
Uday Hussein (June 28, 1964 - July 22, 2003) was Saddam's oldest son who ran the Iraqi Football Association, Fedayeen Saddam and several other media corporations in Iraq including Iraqi TV and the newspaper Babel. Uday, while being raised to succeed Saddam, eventually fell out of favour with his father due to his unpredictable behaviour, being responsible for many car crashes and rapes around Baghdad, constant feuds with other members his family, and killing his father's favourite valet and food taster Kamel Hana Gegeo at a party in Egypt. He was widely known for his paranoia, his use of torture against people who disappointed him in any way, friends who disagreed with him (even on minor issues) and most notoriously, whenever Iraqi athletes performed poorly. He was also well known for his excessively lavish lifestyle, owning hundreds of cars (most likely stolen), wines, paintings and palaces equipped with luxury goods while the ordinary Iraqi starved. He was briefly married to Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri's daughter but later divorced her. The couple had no children. He was killed in a gun battle with US Forces in Mosul.
Qusay Hussein (May 17, 1966 - July 22, 2003) was Saddam's second and favourite son. Qusay was believed to have been Saddam's intended successor as he was less unreliable than his older brother and kept a low profile. He was second in command of the military (behind his father) and ran the elite Iraqi Republican Guard and the SSO. He was believed to have ordered the army to kill thousands of rebelling Marsh Arabs and frequently ordered airstrikes on Kurdish and Shiite settlements. He was also believed to have assisted Ali Hassan al-Majid in the 1988 Halabja and Dujail chemical attacks. He was married once and had three children. His oldest son Mustapha Hussein was killed along with his Uday and Qusay in Mosul.
Raghad Hussein (September 2, 1968) is Saddam's oldest daughter. After the war, Raghad fled to Amman, Jordan where she received refuge from the royal family. She is currently wanted by the Iraqi Government for allegedly financing and supporting the rebellion and the now banned Iraqi Ba'ath Party. The Jordanian royal family refused to hand her over. She married Hussein Kamel and has five children from this marriage.
Rana Hussein (1971) is Saddam's second daughter. She, like her sister, fled to Jordan and has stood up for her father's rights. She was married to Saddam Kamel and has had four children from this marriage.
Hala Hussein (1972) is Saddam's third and last daughter. Very little information is known about her. Her father arranged for her to marry General Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti in 1998. She fled with her children and sisters to Jordan. The couple have two children.
Saddam married his second wife Samira Shahbandar, in 1988. She was originally the wife of an Iraqi Airways executive but later became his mistress and then had her divorced from him to become his second wife. There have been no political issues from this marriage. After the war, Samira fled to Beirut, Lebanon. She is believed to have mothered Hussein's sixth child Ali, but members of Hussein's family have denied this.
Saddam had allegedly married a third wife, Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Centre in the Council of Scientific Research. They had no children
Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish is rumoured to have married Saddam as his fourth wife in 2002. There is no firm evidence for this marriage. Wafa is the daughter of Abdul Tawab el-Mullah Howeish, a former minister of military industry in Iraq and Saddam's last deputy Prime Minister. There were no children from this marriage.
Rise to Power
It was Talfah who first introduced Hussein to politics and hatred towards Westerners. After schooling in Baghdad, Hussein joined the Baath Party, a communist political group committed to Arab nationalism. In 1956, he took part in an unsuccessful mission attempt against King Faisal II of Iraq. Two years later, a non-Baathist group led by General Abdul Qassim overthrew the king. In 1959, Hussein and other Baath supporters tried to assassinate General Qassim. They failed, so Hussein fled to Syria and then Egypt where he temporarily studied law.
In 1963, the Baath Party assassinated General Qassim. He then returned to Iraq and became an interrogator and torturer for the Baath Party. The party went through various commotions and Hussein was imprisoned, yet eventually, in 1966, he became Secretary-General of the party with the help of his cousin, General Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr. In 1968, Bakr's section of the Baath Party seized power and Hussein became Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. This put him in charge of Iraqi security and gave him the number-two position in the Baath Party. By 1973, Hussein was vice president of Iraq under President Bakr.
Throughout the 1970s, Hussein strengthened his power. He placed many of his own family members and people from his hometown in important positions in the Iraqi government and military. Family and tribal connections are essential in Iraq and Hussein used these ties to his advantage throughout his political career. He also used criminals to torture and murder people he saw as threats.
In 1979, President Bakr resigned under pressure from Hussein, who then became president. Immediately after, Hussein called a Baath Party meeting and had all of his opposition murdered. As president, Hussein continued to reinforce his power base by increasing security forces and employing family members in the government. One 1984 analysis showed that 50 percent of Iraqis were either employed by the government or military or had a family member who was -- thus making the population intimately connected to and dominated by Hussein.
War Crimes
Political Oppression:
Hussein idolized the former Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, a man known for his paranoia-induced execution sprees. In July 1978, he had his government issue a note declaring that anyone whose ideas came into conflict with those of the Baath Party leadership would be executed. Most, but definitely not all, of Hussein's targets were ethnic Kurds and Shiite Muslims.
Ethnic Cleansing:
The two main ethnicities of Iraq have traditionally been Arabs in south and central Iraq, and Kurds in the north and northeast, predominantly along the Iranian border. Hussein perceived ethnic Kurds as a long-term threat to Iraq's survival, and the oppression and extermination of the Kurds was one of his government’s highest priorities.
Religious Persecution:
The Baath Party was dominated by Sunni Muslims, who made up only about one-third of Iraq's general population; the other two-thirds was made up of Shiite Muslims, Shiism also happening to be the official religion of Iran. Throughout Hussein's time as President and especially during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), he saw the eventual elimination of Shiism as a necessary goal, by which Iraq would cleanse itself of all Iranian influence.
The Dujail Massacre of 1982:
In July of 1982, several Shiite militants attempted to assassinate Saddam Hussein while he was riding through the city. Hussein responded by ordering the slaughter of some 148 residents, including dozens of children. This is the only war crime on which Hussein has been charged, and he will almost certainly be executed before any other charges go to trial.
The Barzani Clan Abductions of 1983:
Masoud Barzani led the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), an ethnic Kurdish radical group fighting Baathist oppression. After Barzani spread his lot with the Iranians in the Iran-Iraq War, Hussein had some 8,000 members of Barzani's clan, including hundreds of women and children, abducted. It is assumed that most were slaughtered. Thousands have been discovered in mass graves in southern Iraq.
The al-Anfal Campaign:
The worst human rights abuses of Hussein's time took place during the genocidal al-Anfal Campaign (1986-1989), in which Hussein's government called for the extermination of every living thing, human or animal, in certain areas of the Kurdish north. Some 182,000 people, men, women, and children, were slaughtered, many through use of chemical weapons. The Halabja poison gas massacre of 1988 alone killed over 5,000 people. Hussein later blamed the attacks on the Iranians, and the Reagan government, which supported Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War.
The Campaign against the Marsh Arabs:
Hussein did not limit his genocide to Kurdish groups. He also targeted the predominantly Shiite Marsh Arabs of south-eastern Iraq, the direct descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians. By destroying more than 95% of the region's marshes, he effectively depleted its food supply and destroyed the entire millennia-old culture, reducing the number of Marsh Arabs from 250,000 to approximately 30,000.
The Post-Uprising Massacres of 1991:
In the aftermath of Operation Desert Storm, the United States encouraged Kurds and Shiites to rebel against Hussein's regime, then withdrew and refused to support them, leaving an unknown number to be slaughtered. At one point, Hussein's regime killed as many as 2,000 suspected Kurdish rebels every day. Some two million Kurds trudged the dangerous trek through the mountains to Iran and Turkey, hundreds of thousands dying in the process.
Health
Saddam Hussein’s psychology can be explained in terms of the syndrome of malignant narcissism. The main components of this syndrome are pathological narcissism, antisocial features, paranoid traits, and unconstrained aggression.
1. Pathological narcissism
Saddam displays extreme vanity, overconfidence and selfishness to a degree that makes him unable to understand the pain and suffering of others. He doesn’t feel sympathetic and unmoved by human suffering, which allows him to commit atrocities against his own people as willingly as he is ready to brutalize his enemies.
2. Antisocial features
The weak social principles of malignant narcissists are led mainly by self-interest. Malignantly narcissistic leaders like Saddam Hussein are driven by power motive and to enhance their status. They are not frightened by the threat of punishment, which makes them surprisingly resistant to pressures short of force.
3. A paranoid outlook
Malignant narcissists they are small-minded, plan their own conflicts onto others and fail to recognize their own role in creating opponents. These real or imagined enemies are then used to justify their own aggression against others.
4. Unconstrained aggression
Malignant narcissists are cold, ruthless and atrocious, yet capable at hiding their aggressive intentions behind a public mask of politeness or unrealistic worries.
Political implications
Because selfishness is the direct force that drives Saddam, the only reasonable scenario under which he would voluntarily give up political power would be the belief that it would give him a “second lease on life” and permit him to survive the current crisis, eventually to return to power. His personality profile implies that Saddam Hussein will use all means to cling to power. If backed into a corner, there is an elevated risk that he will take his own life rather than surrender.
Saddam Hussein Abd al-Majid al-Tikriti was born on April 28, 1937 in the town of Al-Awja, 13 km from the Iraqi town of Tikrit, to a family of shepherds from the al-Begat tribal group. His mother, Subha Tulfah al-Mussallat, named her newborn son Saddam, which in Arabic means "One who confronts." He never knew his father, Hussein 'Abid al-Majid, who disappeared six months before Saddam was born. Some accounts say that his father was killed; others say he abandoned his family. Shortly afterward, Saddam's thirteen-year-old brother died of cancer. The infant Saddam was sent to the family of his maternal uncle, Khairallah Talfah, until he was three.
Saddam's mother soon remarried a man who was illiterate, immoral and brutal, and Saddam gained three half-brothers through this marriage. His stepfather, Ibrahim al-Hassan, treated Saddam harshly after his return. At around ten, Saddam fled the family and returned to live in Baghdad with his uncle, Kharaillah Tulfah. Tulfah, the father of Saddam's future wife, was a religious Sunni Muslim and a veteran from the 1941 Anglo-Iraqi War between Iraqi nationalists and the United Kingdom. He was also radically against Jews, Iranians, Shiites, and to some degree, Kuwaitis and Westerners. Later in his life, relatives from his native Tikrit would become some of his closest advisors and followers.
Saddam didn't start primary school until he moved in with his uncle at age 10. At age 18, Saddam graduated from primary school and applied to military school. Joining the military had been Saddam's dream and when he wasn't able to pass the entrance exam he was devastated. (Though Saddam was never in the military, he frequently wore military-style outfits later in life). Under the guidance of his uncle, he attended a nationalistic high school in Baghdad. After secondary school, Saddam studied at an Iraqi law school for three years, before dropping out in 1957, at the age of twenty, to join the new Arab Ba'ath Party, of which his uncle was a supporter. During this time, Saddam apparently supported himself as a secondary school teacher.
Family
While Saddam has no official marital history he is believed to have been married to at least four women, two of whom have been confirmed as his wives, and has had five children.
Saddam married his first wife and cousin Sajida Talfah in 1963 in an arranged marriage. Sajida is the daughter of Khairallah Talfah, Saddam's uncle and mentor. Their marriage was arranged for Hussein at age five when Sajida was seven; however, the two never met until their wedding. They were married in Egypt during his exile. The couple had five children.
Uday Hussein (June 28, 1964 - July 22, 2003) was Saddam's oldest son who ran the Iraqi Football Association, Fedayeen Saddam and several other media corporations in Iraq including Iraqi TV and the newspaper Babel. Uday, while being raised to succeed Saddam, eventually fell out of favour with his father due to his unpredictable behaviour, being responsible for many car crashes and rapes around Baghdad, constant feuds with other members his family, and killing his father's favourite valet and food taster Kamel Hana Gegeo at a party in Egypt. He was widely known for his paranoia, his use of torture against people who disappointed him in any way, friends who disagreed with him (even on minor issues) and most notoriously, whenever Iraqi athletes performed poorly. He was also well known for his excessively lavish lifestyle, owning hundreds of cars (most likely stolen), wines, paintings and palaces equipped with luxury goods while the ordinary Iraqi starved. He was briefly married to Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri's daughter but later divorced her. The couple had no children. He was killed in a gun battle with US Forces in Mosul.
Qusay Hussein (May 17, 1966 - July 22, 2003) was Saddam's second and favourite son. Qusay was believed to have been Saddam's intended successor as he was less unreliable than his older brother and kept a low profile. He was second in command of the military (behind his father) and ran the elite Iraqi Republican Guard and the SSO. He was believed to have ordered the army to kill thousands of rebelling Marsh Arabs and frequently ordered airstrikes on Kurdish and Shiite settlements. He was also believed to have assisted Ali Hassan al-Majid in the 1988 Halabja and Dujail chemical attacks. He was married once and had three children. His oldest son Mustapha Hussein was killed along with his Uday and Qusay in Mosul.
Raghad Hussein (September 2, 1968) is Saddam's oldest daughter. After the war, Raghad fled to Amman, Jordan where she received refuge from the royal family. She is currently wanted by the Iraqi Government for allegedly financing and supporting the rebellion and the now banned Iraqi Ba'ath Party. The Jordanian royal family refused to hand her over. She married Hussein Kamel and has five children from this marriage.
Rana Hussein (1971) is Saddam's second daughter. She, like her sister, fled to Jordan and has stood up for her father's rights. She was married to Saddam Kamel and has had four children from this marriage.
Hala Hussein (1972) is Saddam's third and last daughter. Very little information is known about her. Her father arranged for her to marry General Kamal Mustafa Abdallah Sultan al-Tikriti in 1998. She fled with her children and sisters to Jordan. The couple have two children.
Saddam married his second wife Samira Shahbandar, in 1988. She was originally the wife of an Iraqi Airways executive but later became his mistress and then had her divorced from him to become his second wife. There have been no political issues from this marriage. After the war, Samira fled to Beirut, Lebanon. She is believed to have mothered Hussein's sixth child Ali, but members of Hussein's family have denied this.
Saddam had allegedly married a third wife, Nidal al-Hamdani, the general manager of the Solar Energy Research Centre in the Council of Scientific Research. They had no children
Wafa el-Mullah al-Howeish is rumoured to have married Saddam as his fourth wife in 2002. There is no firm evidence for this marriage. Wafa is the daughter of Abdul Tawab el-Mullah Howeish, a former minister of military industry in Iraq and Saddam's last deputy Prime Minister. There were no children from this marriage.
Rise to Power
It was Talfah who first introduced Hussein to politics and hatred towards Westerners. After schooling in Baghdad, Hussein joined the Baath Party, a communist political group committed to Arab nationalism. In 1956, he took part in an unsuccessful mission attempt against King Faisal II of Iraq. Two years later, a non-Baathist group led by General Abdul Qassim overthrew the king. In 1959, Hussein and other Baath supporters tried to assassinate General Qassim. They failed, so Hussein fled to Syria and then Egypt where he temporarily studied law.
In 1963, the Baath Party assassinated General Qassim. He then returned to Iraq and became an interrogator and torturer for the Baath Party. The party went through various commotions and Hussein was imprisoned, yet eventually, in 1966, he became Secretary-General of the party with the help of his cousin, General Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr. In 1968, Bakr's section of the Baath Party seized power and Hussein became Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council. This put him in charge of Iraqi security and gave him the number-two position in the Baath Party. By 1973, Hussein was vice president of Iraq under President Bakr.
Throughout the 1970s, Hussein strengthened his power. He placed many of his own family members and people from his hometown in important positions in the Iraqi government and military. Family and tribal connections are essential in Iraq and Hussein used these ties to his advantage throughout his political career. He also used criminals to torture and murder people he saw as threats.
In 1979, President Bakr resigned under pressure from Hussein, who then became president. Immediately after, Hussein called a Baath Party meeting and had all of his opposition murdered. As president, Hussein continued to reinforce his power base by increasing security forces and employing family members in the government. One 1984 analysis showed that 50 percent of Iraqis were either employed by the government or military or had a family member who was -- thus making the population intimately connected to and dominated by Hussein.
War Crimes
Political Oppression:
Hussein idolized the former Soviet premier Joseph Stalin, a man known for his paranoia-induced execution sprees. In July 1978, he had his government issue a note declaring that anyone whose ideas came into conflict with those of the Baath Party leadership would be executed. Most, but definitely not all, of Hussein's targets were ethnic Kurds and Shiite Muslims.
Ethnic Cleansing:
The two main ethnicities of Iraq have traditionally been Arabs in south and central Iraq, and Kurds in the north and northeast, predominantly along the Iranian border. Hussein perceived ethnic Kurds as a long-term threat to Iraq's survival, and the oppression and extermination of the Kurds was one of his government’s highest priorities.
Religious Persecution:
The Baath Party was dominated by Sunni Muslims, who made up only about one-third of Iraq's general population; the other two-thirds was made up of Shiite Muslims, Shiism also happening to be the official religion of Iran. Throughout Hussein's time as President and especially during the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), he saw the eventual elimination of Shiism as a necessary goal, by which Iraq would cleanse itself of all Iranian influence.
The Dujail Massacre of 1982:
In July of 1982, several Shiite militants attempted to assassinate Saddam Hussein while he was riding through the city. Hussein responded by ordering the slaughter of some 148 residents, including dozens of children. This is the only war crime on which Hussein has been charged, and he will almost certainly be executed before any other charges go to trial.
The Barzani Clan Abductions of 1983:
Masoud Barzani led the Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP), an ethnic Kurdish radical group fighting Baathist oppression. After Barzani spread his lot with the Iranians in the Iran-Iraq War, Hussein had some 8,000 members of Barzani's clan, including hundreds of women and children, abducted. It is assumed that most were slaughtered. Thousands have been discovered in mass graves in southern Iraq.
The al-Anfal Campaign:
The worst human rights abuses of Hussein's time took place during the genocidal al-Anfal Campaign (1986-1989), in which Hussein's government called for the extermination of every living thing, human or animal, in certain areas of the Kurdish north. Some 182,000 people, men, women, and children, were slaughtered, many through use of chemical weapons. The Halabja poison gas massacre of 1988 alone killed over 5,000 people. Hussein later blamed the attacks on the Iranians, and the Reagan government, which supported Iraq in the Iran-Iraq War.
The Campaign against the Marsh Arabs:
Hussein did not limit his genocide to Kurdish groups. He also targeted the predominantly Shiite Marsh Arabs of south-eastern Iraq, the direct descendants of the ancient Mesopotamians. By destroying more than 95% of the region's marshes, he effectively depleted its food supply and destroyed the entire millennia-old culture, reducing the number of Marsh Arabs from 250,000 to approximately 30,000.
The Post-Uprising Massacres of 1991:
In the aftermath of Operation Desert Storm, the United States encouraged Kurds and Shiites to rebel against Hussein's regime, then withdrew and refused to support them, leaving an unknown number to be slaughtered. At one point, Hussein's regime killed as many as 2,000 suspected Kurdish rebels every day. Some two million Kurds trudged the dangerous trek through the mountains to Iran and Turkey, hundreds of thousands dying in the process.
Health
Saddam Hussein’s psychology can be explained in terms of the syndrome of malignant narcissism. The main components of this syndrome are pathological narcissism, antisocial features, paranoid traits, and unconstrained aggression.
1. Pathological narcissism
Saddam displays extreme vanity, overconfidence and selfishness to a degree that makes him unable to understand the pain and suffering of others. He doesn’t feel sympathetic and unmoved by human suffering, which allows him to commit atrocities against his own people as willingly as he is ready to brutalize his enemies.
2. Antisocial features
The weak social principles of malignant narcissists are led mainly by self-interest. Malignantly narcissistic leaders like Saddam Hussein are driven by power motive and to enhance their status. They are not frightened by the threat of punishment, which makes them surprisingly resistant to pressures short of force.
3. A paranoid outlook
Malignant narcissists they are small-minded, plan their own conflicts onto others and fail to recognize their own role in creating opponents. These real or imagined enemies are then used to justify their own aggression against others.
4. Unconstrained aggression
Malignant narcissists are cold, ruthless and atrocious, yet capable at hiding their aggressive intentions behind a public mask of politeness or unrealistic worries.
Political implications
Because selfishness is the direct force that drives Saddam, the only reasonable scenario under which he would voluntarily give up political power would be the belief that it would give him a “second lease on life” and permit him to survive the current crisis, eventually to return to power. His personality profile implies that Saddam Hussein will use all means to cling to power. If backed into a corner, there is an elevated risk that he will take his own life rather than surrender.
Wednesday, March 4, 2009
AFIC Schools
Islamic School of Canberra
http://www.afic.com.au/smCan.htm
Malek Fahd Islamic School
http://www.afic.com.au/smNSW.htm
Islamic School of South Australia
http://www.afic.com.au/smsa.htm
Langford Islamic College
http://www.afic.com.au/smwa.htm
Islamic College of Brisbane
http://www.afic.com.au/smqld.htm
http://www.afic.com.au/smCan.htm
Malek Fahd Islamic School
http://www.afic.com.au/smNSW.htm
Islamic School of South Australia
http://www.afic.com.au/smsa.htm
Langford Islamic College
http://www.afic.com.au/smwa.htm
Islamic College of Brisbane
http://www.afic.com.au/smqld.htm
Wednesday, February 18, 2009
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